Number

Scientific Notation

1

Large Numbers in Scientific Notation

Draw a line matching each number in standard form to its scientific notation.

45,000
3,200,000
810,000,000
60,000
1,700,000
4.5 x 10^4
3.2 x 10^6
8.1 x 10^8
6.0 x 10^4
1.7 x 10^6
2

Small Numbers in Scientific Notation

Draw a line matching each decimal to its scientific notation.

0.0045
0.00000072
0.083
0.00031
0.000000009
4.5 x 10^-3
7.2 x 10^-7
8.3 x 10^-2
3.1 x 10^-4
9.0 x 10^-9
3

Is It Scientific Notation?

Circle YES if the number is correctly written in scientific notation, or NO if it is not.

4.5 x 10^3

YES
NO

45 x 10^2

YES
NO

0.9 x 10^5

YES
NO

1.0 x 10^-3

YES
NO

12.3 x 10^6

YES
NO
4

Converting to Scientific Notation

Write each number in scientific notation. Remember: a x 10^n where 1 <= a < 10.

Earth's mass: 5,970,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg

Width of a human hair: 0.00007 m

Speed of light: 300,000,000 m/s

Diameter of a hydrogen atom: 0.000000000106 m

5

Converting from Scientific Notation

Write each number in standard (decimal) form.

6.022 x 10^23 (Avogadro number)

1.6 x 10^-19 (charge of an electron in coulombs)

9.46 x 10^15 (one light-year in metres)

6

Calculating with Scientific Notation

Solve these calculations. Write your answer in scientific notation.

(3 x 10^4) x (2 x 10^3) =

(8 x 10^6) / (4 x 10^2) =

(5 x 10^-3) x (4 x 10^-2) =

7

Order from Smallest to Largest

Sort these numbers from smallest (1st) to largest (5th).

3.2 x 10^4
5.0 x 10^-2
7.1 x 10^6
2.8 x 10^4
9.9 x 10^-5
1st (smallest)
2nd
3rd
4th
5th (largest)
8

Real-World Application

Use scientific notation to answer this question.

The distance from Earth to the Sun is 1.5 x 10^11 metres. Light travels at 3 x 10^8 m/s. How many seconds does it take for light to travel from the Sun to Earth? Show your working.

9

Multiplying Numbers in Scientific Notation

Multiply the following numbers. Multiply the front numbers and add the exponents. Write answers in correct scientific notation.

(2 x 10^4) x (3 x 10^5) =

(1.5 x 10^3) x (4 x 10^2) =

(6 x 10^-2) x (5 x 10^-4) =

(2.5 x 10^6) x (4 x 10^3) =

10

Dividing Numbers in Scientific Notation

Divide the following numbers. Divide the front numbers and subtract the exponents. Write answers in correct scientific notation.

(9 x 10^8) / (3 x 10^5) =

(6 x 10^6) / (2 x 10^-2) =

(7.5 x 10^9) / (2.5 x 10^4) =

11

Adding Numbers in Scientific Notation

To add numbers in scientific notation, first convert them to the same power of 10, then add the front numbers. Example: 3 x 10^4 + 2 x 10^3 = 30 x 10^3 + 2 x 10^3 = 32 x 10^3 = 3.2 x 10^4.

5 x 10^5 + 3 x 10^4 =

2.4 x 10^6 + 6 x 10^5 =

8 x 10^-3 + 4 x 10^-4 =

12

Scientific Notation in Context

Draw a line matching each scientific fact to its value in scientific notation.

Mass of Earth (kg)
Diameter of a red blood cell (m)
Number of seconds in a year (approx)
Charge of an electron (coulombs)
6.0 x 10^24
8.0 x 10^-6
3.15 x 10^7
1.6 x 10^-19
13

Correct Scientific Notation After Calculation

A student calculates and gets the answers below. Circle YES if they correctly expressed the answer in scientific notation, NO if they need to adjust.

Answer: 0.5 x 10^4

YES -- correct
NO -- should be 5 x 10^3

Answer: 12 x 10^5

YES -- correct
NO -- should be 1.2 x 10^6

Answer: 7.8 x 10^-2

YES -- correct
NO -- should be 78 x 10^-3
14

Scientific Notation in the Real World

Explore large and small numbers in everyday science.

  • 1Find three large scientific measurements (e.g. distances in space, national debt) and write them in scientific notation.
  • 2Look up the size of a virus (in nanometres or metres) and write it in scientific notation. How does it compare to the diameter of a human hair?
  • 3Use a calculator to compute (6.022 x 10^23) x (1.6 x 10^-19). Describe what these two numbers represent in science.
16

Converting Larger Numbers to Scientific Notation

Write each number in correct scientific notation. Show how many places you moved the decimal point.

23,000,000 = (moved ___ places left) =

4,500,000,000 = (moved ___ places left) =

750,000 =

99,100,000,000,000 =

TipA handy check: if the original number is greater than 1, the exponent is positive (you moved the decimal left). If the original number is between 0 and 1, the exponent is negative (you moved the decimal right).
17

Converting Small Numbers to Scientific Notation

Write each small number in correct scientific notation.

0.00023 =

0.0000000081 =

0.000000000001 (one trillionth) =

0.00000000529 (Bohr radius of hydrogen atom in metres) =

18

Positive or Negative Exponent?

Circle whether the exponent in the scientific notation form will be POSITIVE or NEGATIVE.

A number greater than 1 (e.g. 4,500,000)

Positive exponent
Negative exponent

A number between 0 and 1 (e.g. 0.0034)

Positive exponent
Negative exponent

A number between 1 and 10 (e.g. 7.2)

Positive exponent (10^0 = 1)
Negative exponent

A number less than 0.001

Positive exponent
Negative exponent (less than 10^-3)
19

Standard Form Back to Decimal

Convert each scientific notation number back to standard decimal form.

3.7 x 10^5 =

2.04 x 10^8 =

5.9 x 10^-4 =

1.23 x 10^-7 =

TipTo convert back: if the exponent is positive, move the decimal right (the number gets larger). If negative, move the decimal left (the number gets smaller). Count the exponent number of places.
21

Multiplying in Scientific Notation — Extended Practice

Multiply these numbers. Write answers in correct scientific notation.

(4 x 10^3) x (5 x 10^4) =

(7 x 10^-3) x (3 x 10^-4) =

(2.5 x 10^6) x (4 x 10^2) =

(6 x 10^-5) x (5 x 10^8) =

22

Dividing in Scientific Notation — Extended Practice

Divide these numbers. Write answers in correct scientific notation.

(8 x 10^9) / (2 x 10^4) =

(4.5 x 10^7) / (9 x 10^3) =

(3 x 10^-2) / (6 x 10^-5) =

(1.2 x 10^8) / (4 x 10^-3) =

TipRemind your child: when dividing, divide the front numbers and SUBTRACT the exponents. Make sure the final answer has a front number between 1 and 10.
24

Adding and Subtracting — Same Exponents

When exponents are the same, add or subtract the front numbers. Adjust to correct scientific notation if needed.

(3 x 10^5) + (2 x 10^5) =

(7.2 x 10^8) - (3.1 x 10^8) =

(9 x 10^-4) + (5 x 10^-4) = (Note: adjust if front number >= 10)

(8.5 x 10^6) - (6.5 x 10^6) =

25

Adding and Subtracting — Different Exponents

Convert both numbers to the same power of 10 first, then add or subtract.

(4 x 10^6) + (3 x 10^5) = (Convert 3 x 10^5 to ___ x 10^6) =

(7 x 10^4) - (5 x 10^3) =

(2.3 x 10^7) + (8 x 10^5) =

TipConverting to the same power of 10 before adding is the most common step students miss. Remind your child: this is the same as finding a common denominator in fractions.
26

Match to the Equivalent Standard Form

Draw a line from each scientific notation number to its standard decimal form.

6.2 x 10^4
3.05 x 10^7
7 x 10^-3
1.4 x 10^-5
9.9 x 10^6
62,000
30,500,000
0.007
0.000014
9,900,000
TipThis matching activity checks both conversion directions. If your child gets a match wrong, have them re-convert and check both directions.
27

Scientific Notation Word Problems

Use scientific notation to solve each problem. Show your working.

A computer processor executes 3 x 10^9 operations per second. How many operations does it execute in 1 hour? Give your answer in scientific notation.

The human body contains approximately 3.7 x 10^13 cells. If each cell contains 3 x 10^9 DNA base pairs, what is the total number of DNA base pairs in the body? Write in scientific notation.

29

Scientific Notation in Astronomy

Use the facts provided to answer each question in scientific notation.

The Sun is 1.5 x 10^11 m from Earth. Neptune is 4.5 x 10^12 m from the Sun. How much farther from the Sun is Neptune than Earth?

Light travels at 3 x 10^8 m/s. How far does light travel in one year (3.15 x 10^7 seconds)? This is called one light-year.

The nearest star to Earth (after the Sun) is 4.07 x 10^16 m away. How many light-years away is it?

TipAstronomy provides excellent real-world motivation for scientific notation. Encourage your child to look up additional astronomical data after this worksheet.
30

Sort by Size: A Comparison Challenge

Sort these measurements from smallest to largest. First convert each to the same power of 10.

5.2 x 10^3
3.8 x 10^5
4.1 x 10^3
7.0 x 10^4
2.9 x 10^5
1st (smallest)
2nd
3rd
4th
5th (largest)
TipThe key to comparing numbers in scientific notation is to compare the exponents first, then the front numbers.
31

Scientific Notation in Biology

Use scientific notation to answer these biology questions.

A red blood cell is 8 x 10^-6 m in diameter. A bacterium is 2 x 10^-6 m wide. How many times wider is a red blood cell than the bacterium?

A single strand of human hair is about 7 x 10^-5 m wide. A coronavirus particle is about 1.2 x 10^-7 m wide. How many coronavirus particles would fit across the width of a hair?

33

Comparing Scientists' Data

A scientist records the following data. Answer the comparison questions.

Sample A has a mass of 3.2 x 10^-5 kg. Sample B has a mass of 4.8 x 10^-6 kg. Which sample is heavier? How many times heavier?

Two bacteria populations: Colony X has 2.4 x 10^8 bacteria. Colony Y has 6 x 10^7 bacteria. What is the combined population? Write in scientific notation.

35

Scientific Notation Operations — Mixed Practice

Solve each calculation. Write answers in correct scientific notation.

(5 x 10^3)^2 =

(2 x 10^4) x (3 x 10^5) + (4 x 10^9) =

(6 x 10^6) / (2 x 10^-2) - (5 x 10^7) =

TipA mixed operations activity with no guidance about which operation to use is excellent exam preparation. Encourage your child to identify the operation before calculating.
36

Converting Between Units Using Scientific Notation

Use scientific notation to convert between units.

1 kilometre = 10^3 metres. The distance Sydney to Melbourne is 878 km. Write this in metres in scientific notation.

1 nanometre = 10^-9 metres. A computer chip feature is 5 nm wide. Write this in metres in scientific notation.

1 microsecond = 10^-6 seconds. A computer instruction takes 0.5 microseconds. Write in seconds in scientific notation.

38

Scientific Notation in Finance

Australia's national GDP is approximately $2.1 x 10^12 (2.1 trillion dollars). Use this to answer the questions.

Australia's population is approximately 2.6 x 10^7. What is the GDP per person? Write in scientific notation and as a standard number.

If the government spends 25% of GDP on education, health and welfare, how much money is this? Write in scientific notation.

The world GDP is approximately 10 times Australia's GDP. Write the world GDP in scientific notation.

TipApplying scientific notation to economics makes the concept feel relevant. Encourage your child to think about what these numbers mean in real terms.
40

Scientific Notation — Extending to Powers

Evaluate each expression. Use the rule (a x 10^n)^m = a^m x 10^(nm).

(2 x 10^3)^2 =

(3 x 10^2)^3 =

(5 x 10^-2)^2 =

(2 x 10^4)^3 =

TipRaising a number in scientific notation to a power extends index law knowledge. Make sure your child re-checks that the answer is in proper scientific notation after squaring or cubing.
41

Identify the Largest and Smallest

For each set, circle the largest number.

3.7 x 10^5 , 9.9 x 10^4 , 1.1 x 10^6

3.7 x 10^5
9.9 x 10^4
1.1 x 10^6

6 x 10^-4 , 2 x 10^-3 , 8 x 10^-5

6 x 10^-4
2 x 10^-3
8 x 10^-5

4.8 x 10^7 , 4.9 x 10^6 , 5.0 x 10^7

4.8 x 10^7
4.9 x 10^6
5.0 x 10^7
42

Real Measurement Estimation with Scientific Notation

Estimate each answer in scientific notation. You may need to round your estimates.

Estimate the number of grains of sand on all Earth's beaches. A rough estimate is 7.5 x 10^18. Write this in standard form (as many zeros as you can count).

The International Space Station orbits at about 400 km altitude. Write this height in metres in scientific notation.

A human heart beats about 70 times per minute. In a 80-year lifetime (approx 4.2 x 10^7 minutes), how many times does the heart beat? Write in scientific notation.

43

Compound Problems: Scientific Notation Across Topics

Each problem combines scientific notation with another Year 9 topic.

A cylinder has radius 3 x 10^2 m and height 4 x 10^3 m. Use V = pi r^2 h (pi approx 3.14) to find the volume in scientific notation.

A square paddock has area 9 x 10^8 m^2. Find the exact side length in scientific notation.

TipThese cross-topic problems show that scientific notation is a tool used across all areas of mathematics and science, not just a standalone skill.
44

The Scientific Notation Number Hunt

Find scientific notation in newspapers, online articles, and textbooks.

  • 1Find one number from a science article, one from economics/news, and one from a biology source. Write each in scientific notation and explain what the number represents.
  • 2Compare the mass of a proton (1.67 x 10^-27 kg) and an electron (9.11 x 10^-31 kg). How many times heavier is a proton than an electron?
  • 3Research the national debt of Australia. Write it in scientific notation. How does it compare to Australia's GDP (approximately 2.1 x 10^12 AUD)?
45

Scientific Notation: Errors and Corrections

Each student has made an error. Identify the error and write the correct answer.

Student writes: 65,000 = 6.5 x 10^3. Identify the error and correct it.

Student writes: (3 x 10^4) x (2 x 10^5) = 6 x 10^20. Identify the error and correct it.

Student writes: 0.00045 = 4.5 x 10^4. Identify the error and correct it.

Student writes: 8 x 10^6 + 3 x 10^5 = 11 x 10^11. Identify the errors and correct.

46

Scientific Notation Challenge: Multi-Step Problems

Solve these multi-step problems. Show all working in scientific notation.

A spaceship travels at 3.5 x 10^4 km/h. The Moon is 3.84 x 10^5 km from Earth. How long would the spaceship take to reach the Moon? Give your answer in hours in scientific notation.

A factory produces 2.4 x 10^6 units per day. Each unit has mass 3.5 x 10^-3 kg. What is the total mass of units produced per day in standard form? Write in scientific notation.

TipMulti-step problems require your child to plan the sequence of calculations before starting. Encourage them to write a plan (step 1, step 2...) first.
48

Scientific Measurements — Match the Context

Draw a line from each measurement to the most appropriate context.

1.6 x 10^-19 C
6 x 10^24 kg
3 x 10^8 m/s
9.46 x 10^15 m
7 x 10^-7 m
Charge of an electron
Mass of Earth
Speed of light
One light-year
Wavelength of red light
49

Comprehensive Scientific Notation Review

Show complete working for all parts. This review covers every skill in the worksheet.

Convert to scientific notation: (a) 304,000,000 (b) 0.0000000504

Convert to standard form: (a) 2.7 x 10^5 (b) 8.1 x 10^-6

Calculate in scientific notation: (3.6 x 10^8) / (9 x 10^3)

Calculate in scientific notation: (2.5 x 10^4) x (4 x 10^-7) + (6 x 10^-4)

A spacecraft travels 1.2 x 10^9 km in 6 x 10^2 days. What is its speed in km/day? In km/h?

TipThis is the final check for scientific notation. Your child should be able to complete all parts without referencing earlier activities.
50

Scientific Notation: Physics Applications

Use scientific notation to solve these physics problems.

The wavelength of visible light is approximately 5 x 10^-7 m. A beam of light passes through 2 x 10^4 complete wavelengths. What distance does it travel?

A proton has mass 1.67 x 10^-27 kg. How much mass do 5 x 10^24 protons have in total?

The speed of light is 3 x 10^8 m/s. How long does it take light to travel 9.46 x 10^15 m (one light-year)?

TipPhysics is rich with quantities requiring scientific notation. Encourage your child to identify whether each answer is a very large or very small number before calculating — this helps catch errors in the sign of the exponent.
51

Order of Magnitude Estimation

An order of magnitude estimate rounds to the nearest power of 10. For example, 4,700 ≈ 10^3.7 ≈ 10^4 (to nearest order of magnitude).

Estimate the order of magnitude of the number of seconds in a year. (365 days x 24 h x 3600 s)

Estimate the order of magnitude of the number of heartbeats in a human lifetime (80 years). Use 70 beats per minute.

Is 5.5 x 10^8 closer in order of magnitude to 10^8 or 10^9? Explain.

52

Science Facts: Smallest to Largest

Sort these scientific quantities from smallest to largest. Use their scientific notation values.

Electron mass: 9.1 x 10^-31 kg
Proton mass: 1.67 x 10^-27 kg
DNA strand width: 2 x 10^-9 m
Human hair width: 7 x 10^-5 m
Raindrop diameter: 2 x 10^-3 m
1st (smallest)
2nd
3rd
4th
5th (largest)
53

Scientific Notation and Area

Use scientific notation to calculate areas of very large or very small regions.

The surface area of Earth is approximately 5.1 x 10^14 m^2. About 71% is ocean. What area of Earth's surface is ocean? Write in scientific notation.

A computer chip has a surface area of 4 x 10^-4 m^2. It contains 5 x 10^9 transistors. What is the area per transistor in scientific notation?

54

Adjust to Correct Scientific Notation

A student's calculation gives the result shown. Circle the correctly adjusted scientific notation form.

Calculation gives: 14 x 10^6

1.4 x 10^7
14 x 10^6
1.4 x 10^6

Calculation gives: 0.25 x 10^8

2.5 x 10^7
2.5 x 10^8
0.25 x 10^8

Calculation gives: 60 x 10^-4

6 x 10^-3
6 x 10^-4
6 x 10^-5

Calculation gives: 0.08 x 10^-3

8 x 10^-5
8 x 10^-4
8 x 10^-3
55

Scientific Notation in Chemistry

Use given values to answer these chemistry questions.

One mole of any element contains 6.022 x 10^23 atoms. How many atoms are in 3 moles of copper?

If each water molecule has mass 2.99 x 10^-26 kg, what is the mass of 6.022 x 10^23 water molecules?

A solution contains 4.5 x 10^20 ions per millilitre. How many ions are in 2.5 x 10^2 mL?

TipAvogadro's number appears frequently in chemistry calculations. Having your child become comfortable with 6.022 x 10^23 now will pay dividends in senior science.
57

Scientific Notation with Decimal Front Numbers

Some problems give front numbers that are not whole numbers. Handle these carefully.

Convert to scientific notation: 0.00000308 =

Convert to scientific notation: 27,400,000,000 =

Calculate: (1.5 x 10^4) x (2.4 x 10^3) =

Calculate: (7.2 x 10^9) / (1.8 x 10^4) =

59

Scientific Notation: News Story Calculations

Each scenario is inspired by real news. Use scientific notation to compute the answer.

The Australian government's 2023 federal budget was approximately $640 billion. Write this in scientific notation (1 billion = 10^9).

Australia's population is 2.6 x 10^7. The federal budget above gives each Australian approximately how much? Write in scientific notation and standard form.

A major fire burns an area of 2 x 10^10 m^2. If the affected region has a tree density of 500 trees per 10^4 m^2, how many trees are affected?

61

Scientific Notation: Explain Your Thinking

Answer these conceptual questions in full sentences.

Explain why scientists use scientific notation rather than writing out all the zeros in a large or small number.

Why must the front number in scientific notation be at least 1 and less than 10? What would go wrong if it were 0.5 or 15?

Two students are comparing 3 x 10^8 and 5 x 10^7. Student A says 5 x 10^7 is larger because 5 > 3. Explain the error.

TipExplaining mathematical thinking in words is a key skill for Years 10–12 and university. Encourage your child to write in complete sentences, not just numbers.
62

Connecting Scientific Notation to Index Laws

Use index laws to simplify each expression, then write in scientific notation.

(10^3)^2 = 10^___ =

10^8 / 10^5 = 10^___ =

(2 x 10^3)^3 = 2^___ x 10^___ = ___ x 10^___

(10^-2)^4 = 10^___ =

TipThis activity explicitly links scientific notation to the index laws studied in the next worksheet. Students who see this connection early find the transition much smoother.
63

Comparison Word Problems

Use scientific notation to compare quantities and answer in context.

The energy released by the Sun each second is 3.8 x 10^26 joules. The energy in one kilogram of TNT is 4.6 x 10^6 joules. How many kilograms of TNT would produce the same energy as the Sun releases in 1 second?

The human brain has approximately 8.6 x 10^10 neurons. If each neuron connects to an average of 7 x 10^3 other neurons, how many connections exist in total? Write in scientific notation.

65

Final Extension: Scientific Notation and Ratios

Use ratios involving scientific notation to answer each question.

The diameter of the Sun is 1.39 x 10^9 m. The diameter of Earth is 1.28 x 10^7 m. How many times larger (in diameter) is the Sun than Earth?

A blue whale can weigh up to 1.5 x 10^5 kg. A hummingbird weighs about 3 x 10^-3 kg. How many hummingbirds would equal the mass of one blue whale?

Bacteria divide every 20 minutes under ideal conditions. Starting with 1 bacterium, after 10 hours (30 doublings), how many bacteria are there? Write as a power of 2 and then in scientific notation.

66

Comparing Measurements Using Scientific Notation

Convert all measurements to the same units (metres) in scientific notation, then compare.

Compare: 5 km, 4.8 x 10^3 m, and 500,000 cm. Which is largest?

Compare: 3 mm, 0.003 m, and 3 x 10^-3 m. Are they equal? Explain.

A microscope can resolve features as small as 2 x 10^-7 m. An electron microscope can resolve features 1000 times smaller. What is the resolution of the electron microscope?

67

Writing About Scale

Answer these questions to develop number sense for very large and small quantities.

A human lifetime is about 2.5 x 10^9 seconds. Is this more or less than 10^10 seconds? Explain how you decided.

The diameter of a hydrogen atom is about 10^-10 m. How many hydrogen atoms lined up in a row would span 1 metre?

If 1 million seconds have passed, approximately how many days is that? (Use 1 day = 8.64 x 10^4 seconds.)

TipDeveloping number sense for extreme values is an important skill. These questions challenge your child to reason without relying on a formula.
68

Powers of 10 and Their Names

Draw a line from each power of 10 to its common name.

10^3
10^6
10^9
10^12
10^-3
10^-6
10^-9
Thousand (kilo-)
Million (mega-)
Billion (giga-)
Trillion (tera-)
Thousandth (milli-)
Millionth (micro-)
Billionth (nano-)
69

Applying SI Prefixes with Scientific Notation

Use the prefix table from the previous activity to convert each measurement.

3 gigabytes = 3 x 10^9 bytes. Write this in standard form.

5 nanoseconds = 5 x 10^-9 seconds. How many nanoseconds in one second?

A computer has 16 GB of RAM. Write 16 GB in bytes in scientific notation.

A radio wave has a wavelength of 300 megametres (300 Mm). Write this in metres in scientific notation.

71

Scientific Notation: Self-Assessment

Attempt each problem. After completing this worksheet, rate your confidence (1 = not confident, 5 = very confident) for each skill.

Convert 6,400,000,000 to scientific notation. Confidence rating: ___/5

Multiply (4.5 x 10^6) x (2 x 10^-3). Confidence rating: ___/5

Add (3.4 x 10^5) + (6.6 x 10^4). Confidence rating: ___/5

Explain to a Year 7 student what scientific notation is and why we use it. Confidence rating: ___/5

TipSelf-assessment helps students identify their own strengths and gaps — an important metacognitive skill. Discuss the ratings with your child and plan which topics need more practice.
72

Scientific Notation Treasure Hunt — Context Clues

Read each clue and identify the quantity being described. Write it in scientific notation.

I am the approximate number of cells in a human body: 37 trillion. Write me in scientific notation.

I am the mass of a grain of sand: about 0.0000004 kg. Write me in scientific notation.

I am the diameter of a human red blood cell: 8 millionths of a metre. Write me in scientific notation.

I am the distance light travels in one year (a light-year): 9.461 x 10^15 metres. Convert me to km in scientific notation.

73

Scientific Notation and Speed Calculations

Use the formula distance = speed x time (or rearrangements) to solve each problem.

A radio signal travels at 3 x 10^8 m/s. How long does it take to reach a satellite 3.6 x 10^7 m away? Write in scientific notation and in milliseconds.

A comet travels at 5 x 10^4 km/h. How far does it travel in 3.65 x 10^2 days? Write in km in scientific notation.

74

Scientific Notation: Spot the Largest

Circle the largest number in each set without converting to standard form.

1.1 x 10^6 , 9.9 x 10^5 , 1.09 x 10^6

1.1 x 10^6
9.9 x 10^5
1.09 x 10^6

7.5 x 10^-8 , 3.2 x 10^-7 , 8.9 x 10^-8

7.5 x 10^-8
3.2 x 10^-7
8.9 x 10^-8

4.0 x 10^12 , 4.0 x 10^11 , 4.0 x 10^13

4.0 x 10^12
4.0 x 10^11
4.0 x 10^13
75

Scientific Notation Mastery: Final Assessment

Complete all parts without notes. This is the final mastery assessment for scientific notation.

Convert: (a) 4,070,000,000 to scientific notation (b) 7.3 x 10^-5 to standard form

Calculate: (5.4 x 10^6) / (9 x 10^-2). Show all steps and write the answer in correct scientific notation.

A virus is 1.2 x 10^-7 m long. A bacterium is 3 x 10^-6 m long. How many viruses would fit end to end along one bacterium? Write in scientific notation.

Australia's population (2.6 x 10^7) increases by 1.4% per year. After 10 years, the population is approximately 2.6 x 10^7 x 1.014^10. Calculate 1.014^10 using a calculator (approx 1.149) and find the predicted population in scientific notation.

TipAchieving mastery in scientific notation makes Year 10 and senior science significantly more accessible. Praise your child for completing this comprehensive worksheet.
76

Estimating with Scientific Notation

Estimate the answer to each question by rounding to one significant figure first, then calculate.

Estimate: (4.8 x 10^5) x (2.1 x 10^3). Round 4.8 to 5 and 2.1 to 2, then calculate. Precise answer:

Estimate: (9.2 x 10^8) / (3.1 x 10^3). Round then calculate. Precise answer:

Estimate: (1.97 x 10^6) x (5.04 x 10^2). Estimate first, then get the precise answer.

TipEstimation skills are important. Rounding to one significant figure before using scientific notation gives a quick check on the reasonableness of a precise answer.
77

Scientific Notation: Geography Applications

Use scientific notation to explore geographic data.

Australia's area is approximately 7.7 x 10^6 km^2. Convert this to m^2 in scientific notation. (1 km = 10^3 m, so 1 km^2 = 10^6 m^2.)

The Great Barrier Reef covers approximately 3.4 x 10^5 km^2. What fraction of Australia's area does this represent? Give your answer in scientific notation.

The Pacific Ocean has an area of 1.65 x 10^8 km^2. How many times bigger is the Pacific Ocean than Australia?

78

Which Calculation Is Correct?

For each calculation, circle which student got the right answer.

2 x 10^4 + 3 x 10^3. Student A: 5 x 10^7. Student B: 2.3 x 10^4.

Student A is correct
Student B is correct
Both are wrong

(6 x 10^5) / (2 x 10^2). Student A: 3 x 10^3. Student B: 3 x 10^7.

Student A is correct
Student B is correct
Both are wrong

(4 x 10^-3)^2. Student A: 16 x 10^-6 = 1.6 x 10^-5. Student B: 8 x 10^-6.

Student A is correct
Student B is correct
Both are wrong
80

Scientific Notation: Investigate a Real Science Story

A research team announces that a new virus has been discovered. It is 8 x 10^-8 m in diameter and replicates every 6 hours.

How many of these viruses placed end to end would span 1 cm (10^-2 m)?

Starting with one virus, after 48 hours (8 replications), how many viruses are there? (Each replication doubles the count.) Write in scientific notation.

If each virus has mass 3 x 10^-15 kg, what is the total mass after 48 hours?

81

Scientific Notation: Interdisciplinary Problems

Solve these problems that combine scientific notation with other mathematical ideas.

A square solar panel array has side length 3.2 x 10^2 m. What is its total area in m^2 in scientific notation? If it produces 5 x 10^2 watts per m^2, what is the total power output?

An investment of $5,000 grows by 7% per year. After 20 years it is approximately $5,000 x 1.07^20 = $5,000 x 3.87. Write both the original amount and the final amount in scientific notation. By how much (in scientific notation) has the investment grown?

82

Scientific Notation: Peer Teaching

Write an explanation of scientific notation that you could use to teach someone who has never seen it before.

Write a definition of scientific notation in your own words.

Give one example of a very large number in scientific notation from science, and explain why the notation is useful.

Give one example of a very small number in scientific notation, and explain why the notation is useful.

Write one worked example showing how to multiply two numbers in scientific notation, with full steps.

TipAsking your child to teach a concept is one of the most effective ways to identify gaps in understanding. If they get stuck, they can return to earlier activities and then try again.
83

Scientific Notation: Three-Step Problems

Each problem requires three separate calculations. Plan each step before calculating.

Step 1: Write 8,500,000 in scientific notation. Step 2: Divide by 2.5 x 10^3. Step 3: Convert your answer back to standard form.

Step 1: Write 0.000042 in scientific notation. Step 2: Multiply by 6 x 10^8. Step 3: Is your answer greater than or less than one million? Justify.

84

Scientific Notation: Data Table Analysis

Use the data table to answer the questions.

Objects: Proton (1.67 x 10^-27 kg), Red blood cell (9 x 10^-12 kg), Bee (1.2 x 10^-4 kg), Human (7 x 10^1 kg), Blue whale (1.5 x 10^5 kg). How much heavier is a blue whale than a bee? Write in scientific notation.

Using the same data table, how many protons would have the same mass as a human? Write in scientific notation.

What is the range of masses (largest minus smallest) in the table? Write in scientific notation.

86

Astronomical Distances in Scientific Notation

Use the given distances to answer each question in scientific notation.

Mercury is 5.8 x 10^7 km from the Sun. Venus is 1.08 x 10^8 km from the Sun. How much farther from the Sun is Venus than Mercury?

Mars is 2.28 x 10^8 km from the Sun. Jupiter is 7.78 x 10^8 km from the Sun. What is the distance from Mars to Jupiter when both are on the same side of the Sun?

A spacecraft travels from Earth to Jupiter at 5 x 10^4 km/h. Earth is 1.5 x 10^8 km from the Sun and Jupiter is 7.78 x 10^8 km. Estimate the travel time.

87

Scientific Notation: Which Operation?

Identify the correct operation and result for each calculation.

(4 x 10^3) x (5 x 10^4)

2 x 10^7 (add exponents)
20 x 10^12 (wrong rule)
2 x 10^8 (correct: 20 x 10^7 = 2 x 10^8)

(9 x 10^6) / (3 x 10^2)

3 x 10^4 (subtract exponents)
3 x 10^8 (wrong: add exponents)
27 x 10^4 (wrong: divide and multiply)

(6 x 10^3) + (4 x 10^3)

10 x 10^3 = 1 x 10^4
1 x 10^6 (wrong: add exponents)
10 x 10^6 (wrong)
88

Scientific Notation: Building Understanding Through Examples

Complete each analogy or explanation that shows how scientific notation works.

Multiplying by 10 moves the decimal point one place to the right. Multiplying by 10^5 moves it ___ places to the ___.

Multiplying by 10^-3 moves the decimal point ___ places to the ___. Give an example: 7.5 x 10^-3 =

Just as we write 3.5 km instead of 3,500 m for convenience, we write 3.5 x 10^3 m instead of 3,500 m for precision and clarity. Give two more examples of quantities where scientific notation provides this convenience.

TipUnderstanding by analogy is a powerful learning strategy. These activities help your child develop a flexible mental model of scientific notation rather than memorising rules in isolation.
90

Create Your Own Scientific Notation Problem

Design two scientific notation word problems of your own. Solve them and write the full working.

Write your own multiplication problem using scientific notation. Include a real-world context, the calculation, and the answer.

Draw here

Write your own division problem using scientific notation. Include a real-world context, the calculation, and the answer.

Draw here
TipCreating problems is a higher-order thinking skill. Encourage your child to choose realistic contexts — perhaps from a science topic they are currently studying.
91

Scientific Notation: Media Hunt

Find scientific notation and very large/small numbers in the media and real world.

  • 1Find a newspaper or online news article that mentions a very large or very small number (e.g. government budget, scientific discovery). Write the number in scientific notation and explain what it represents.
  • 2Look at your phone's storage capacity. Is it in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB)? Write the capacity in bytes in scientific notation.
  • 3Research the speed of your home internet connection. If it is 100 Mbps (megabits per second), how many bits are transferred in an hour? Write in scientific notation.
92

Negative and Zero Exponents in Scientific Notation

Apply your knowledge of negative and zero exponents to these scientific notation problems.

Simplify: 10^-3 x 10^5 = 10^___ = Write in decimal form:

Write 1 (the number one) in scientific notation: 1 = ___ x 10^___

Write 10 in scientific notation: 10 = ___ x 10^___

Write 0.1 in scientific notation: 0.1 = ___ x 10^___

93

Practical Measurement Conversions

Use scientific notation to convert between measurement units efficiently.

Convert 4.5 x 10^6 millimetres to metres. (Divide by 10^3.)

Convert 2.3 x 10^8 centimetres to kilometres. (1 km = 10^5 cm.)

Convert 9.2 x 10^-4 kilograms to milligrams. (1 kg = 10^6 mg.)

TipUnit conversion with scientific notation is a practical skill used throughout science and engineering. The key is to multiply by the conversion factor expressed as a power of 10.
94

Scientific Notation in Engineering

Engineers regularly work with quantities in scientific notation. Solve these engineering-inspired problems.

A power plant generates 3.5 x 10^9 watts. How many watts does it generate per minute? Per second?

A cable has resistance 1.7 x 10^-8 ohms per metre. For a cable 2.5 x 10^3 metres long, what is its total resistance?

96

Scientific Notation Comprehensive Final Assessment

Show complete working. This is the final scientific notation assessment.

(a) Convert 0.000000045 to scientific notation. (b) Convert 7.2 x 10^6 to standard form.

Calculate: (4 x 10^5) x (3 x 10^-2) and write the answer in scientific notation.

Calculate: (8.4 x 10^9) / (1.4 x 10^3) and write the answer in scientific notation.

A data centre processes 5 x 10^12 bytes per day. How many bytes does it process in 3.65 x 10^2 days (one year)?

Two planets are 4.5 x 10^8 km and 7.8 x 10^7 km from the Sun. What is the total distance if both planets are on opposite sides of the Sun?

TipUse this final assessment to confirm mastery before moving on to exponent laws. Your child should score at least 4 out of 5 correct before proceeding.
97

Scientific Notation: Reflection and Extension

Answer these reflection questions to consolidate your learning.

What was the most challenging part of this worksheet? What strategy helped you most?

Write three numbers from different contexts (one very large, one close to 1, one very small) and convert each to scientific notation.

98

Scientific Notation: Quick Recall Match

Draw a line from each description to the correct scientific notation.

One million
One thousandth
One billion
One ten-thousandth
One hundred million
10^6
10^-3
10^9
10^-4
10^8
99

Extending Scientific Notation: Fractional Exponents Preview

Scientific notation uses integer exponents (whole numbers). But what would 10^0.5 mean? Investigate.

10^0 = 1 and 10^1 = 10. If the pattern is consistent, 10^0.5 should be the number that, when multiplied by itself, gives 10. What is this number?

Use a calculator to verify: 10^0.5 x 10^0.5 = ___. What does this confirm?

Predict the value of 10^0.25 (the fourth root of 10). Verify with a calculator.

TipThis is a preview of Year 10 content. It is perfectly fine if your child cannot solve this — the goal is curiosity and exploration, not mastery.
100

Scientific Notation: Space Exploration Project

Research space distances and represent them using scientific notation.

  • 1Look up the distances from the Sun to each planet in km. Write each in scientific notation. Create a scale diagram showing the relative distances.
  • 2Research how long it takes light from each planet to reach Earth. Divide the distance (in km) by the speed of light (3 x 10^5 km/s) to find the travel time.
  • 3Find out the diameter of each planet in km and write in scientific notation. Sort from smallest to largest. How does Earth compare?